Term Wise CBSE Class 12 Geography Syllabus 2023

Fundamentals of Human Geography

Human Geography: Nature and Scope

People

– Population distribution, density, and growth

– Population change-spatial patterns and structure; determinants of population change

– Population Composition – age-sex ratio; rural-urban composition

– Human development – concept; selected indicators, international comparisons

Unit 3:

Human Activities

Primary activities – concept and changing trends; gathering, pastoral, mining, subsistence agriculture, modern agriculture; people engaged in agricultural and allied activities – some examples from selected countries

Secondary activities-concept; manufacturing: types – household, small scale, large scale; agro-based and mineral-based industries; people engaged in secondary activities – some examples from selected countries

Tertiary activities-concept; trade, transport, and tourism; services; people engaged in tertiary activities – some examples from selected countries

Quaternary activities-concept; people engaged in quaternary activities – a case study from selected countries

28 Periods

Unit 4:

Transport, Communication, and Trade

Land transport – roads, railways; trans-continental railways

Water transport- inland waterways; major ocean routes

Air transport- Intercontinental air routes

Oil and gas pipelines

Satellite communication and cyberspace- importance and usage for geographical information; use of GPS

International trade- bases and changing patterns; ports as gateways of international trade; the role of WTO in international trade

24 Periods

Unit 5:

Human Settlements

Settlement types – rural and urban; morphology of cities (case study); distribution of mega cities; problems of human settlements in developing countries

10 Periods

Map Work on the identification of features based on 1-5 units on the outline Physical/Political map of the World.

05 Periods

Part

B:

India: People and Economy

90 Periods

Unit

6:

People

Population: distribution, density, and growth; composition of the population – linguistic, religious; sex, rural-urban, and occupational-regional variations in the growth of population

Migration: international, national causes and Consequences

Human development: selected indicators and regional patterns

Population, environment, and Development

15 Periods

Unit 7:

Human Settlements 

Rural settlements – types and distribution 

Urban settlements – types, distribution, and functional classification

10 Periods

Unit 8:

Resources and Development

Land resources- general land use; agricultural land use; geographical conditions and distribution of major crops (Wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, and Rubber); agricultural development and problems

Water resources-availability and utilization-irrigation, domestic, industrial, and other uses; scarcity of water and conservation methods-rain water harvesting and watershed management

Mineral and energy resources- distribution of metallic (Iron ore, Copper, Bauxite, Manganese); non-metallic (Mica, Salt) minerals; conventional (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas, and Hydroelectricity) and non-conventional energy sources (solar, wind, biogas) and conservation

Industries – types, factors of industrial location; distribution and changing pattern of selected industries-iron and steel, cotton textiles, sugar, petrochemicals, and knowledge-based industries; the impact of liberalization, privatization, and globalization on industrial location; industrial clusters

Planning in India- target group area planning (case study);

the idea of sustainable development (case study)

30 Periods

Unit 9:

Transport, Communication, and International Trade

Transport and communication-roads, railways, waterways

15 Periods

and airways: oil and gas pipelines; Geographical information and communication networks 

International trade- changing pattern of India’s foreign trade; seaports and their hinterland and airports

Unit 10:

Geographical Perspective on selected issues and Problems

Environmental pollution; urban-waste disposal Urbanization, rural-urban migration; problems of slums Land degradation

15 Periods

Map work on locating and labeling features based on the above units on an outline map of India.

05 Periods

Part C:

Practical Work in Geography Part II

40 Periods

Unit 1:

Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping

Type and Sources of data: Primary, Secondary, and other sources

Tabulating and processing of data; calculation of averages, measures of central tendency

Representation of data- construction of diagrams: bars, circles, and flowchart; thematic maps; construction of dot; choropleth and isopleths maps

Data analysis and generation of diagrams, graphs, and other visual diagrams using computers

25 Periods

Unit 2:

Field Study or Spatial Information Technology 

Field visit and study: map orientation, observation, and preparation of sketch; survey on any one of the local concerns; pollution, groundwater changes, land use and land-use changes, poverty, energy issues, soil degradation, the impact of floods and drought, the catchment area of the school, Market survey and Household survey (any one topic of local concern may be taken up for the study; observation and questionnaire survey may be adopted for the data collection; collected data may be tabulated and analyzed with diagrams and maps). Students can be given different topics to get more insight into various problems of society. 

OR

Spatial Information Technology

Introduction to GIS; hardware requirements and software modules; data formats; raster and vector data, data input, editing, and topology building; data analysis; overlay and buffer.

15 Periods