Test Preparation on IAS Prelims Sample Paper -34

Constant eruptions at the crest of oceanic ridges cause the rupture of theoceanic crust and the new lava wedges into it, pushing the oceanic crust on either side. The ocean floorthus spreads, known as sea floor spreading. Sea floor spreading is verified using these phenomena- It wasrealised that all ^ong the mid-oceanic ridges, volcanic eruptions are common and they bring huge amountsof lava to the surface in this area. The sediments on the ocean floor are unexpectedly very thin The age ofthe rocks increases as one moves away from the crest. The ocean crust rocks are much younger than thedeeoT t ri rt'h L thin. The deep trenches havedOBepotthsh.s ITt rmnetarn s lI ava is in close vicinity. i" the mid-oceanic ridge areas, the quake foci have shallowQ Source; Page 30: Fundamentals of Physical Geography: 11th NCERT

Background and Justification: The Jews of India waited centuries to build their first synagogues, praying inernporary structures or private houses. The buildings that were eventually built vary greatly in their scalestyle, and visual orientation. Some, particularly those belonging to the Baghdadi Jews basedJrUVlumbalKolkata, and Pune, are grand and built in various Western styles usiqg fine materials and elaborate detailConstructed by the Baghdadi Jewish community who first came from Iraq, Iran, and a handful of other NearEastern countries and settled in India permanently beginning in the 18th century is a Neo-Baroquesynagogue in the Fort section of Mumbai, a Renaissance revival one In central Kolkata and. In Englishtradition, a neo-Gothic structure in fine condition sitting within an open site in the Camp area of Pune Thelargest synagogue in Asia outside Israel is considered to be In Pune (Ohel David Synagogue) You can readmore about Jewish synagogues here y b & j uu can reaa_

An equatorial bulge Is a difference between the equatorial and polar diameters of affoorrmm aa n obhli a,te spheroid rather than a spher'e'.y The Earth has^ baonu etq tuahteo broidaly 'bsu alxgies .o fA 4 r2o.t7at7i knmg -b tohdayt t Ies nidtss todiameter measured across the equatorial plane (12,756.274 km) Is 42.77 km more than that measuredbetween he poles (12,713.56 km). An observer standing at sea level on either pole, therefore Is 21 36 kmcloser to Earth s central point than if standing at sea level on the Equator. The value of Earth's radius maybe approximated by the average of these radii. ^learning: As a result of Earth's equatorial bulge, the highest point on Earth, measured from the center andrbul]ge s, likeI SE tarhteh p aenadk iotfs Matomuonstp hCehriem,b oCrhaizmob oirn aEzcou aisd noort r aasth heirg thh aabno Mveo usneat lEevveerle asts. E Bvuetre ssitn cise.

The identities belowC + I + G + X-MeC + S + TCancelling final consumption expenditure C from both sides we getI + G + X-M5S + TIn other words (I - S) + (G - T) = M - XX2.8)In as), G - T measures by what amount the government expenditure exceeds the tax revenue earned byIt. This IS referred to as budget deficit. cd. neo oyM - X is known as the trade deficit - it measures the excess of import expenditure over the export revenueearned by the economy (M is the outflow from the country, X is the inflow into the country) If there is nogovernment, no foreign trade then G = T=M = X = 0. nereis noHence (2.8) yields I = S (2.9) (2.9) is simply an accounting identity. Out of the GDP, a part is consumed and apart,is saved (from the recipient side of the incomes). On the other hand, from the side of the firms, theaggregate final expenditure received by them (= GDP) must be equal to consumption expenditure andinvestment expenditure. The aggregate of incomes received by the households is equal to the expenditurereceived by the firms because the income method and expenditure method would give us the same figureof GDP. Since consumption expenditure cancels out from both sides, we are left with aggregate savingsequal to the aggregate gross investment expenditure.

Option D, Mongolia, is ruled out because these deposits are only found in SouthernHemisphere, apart from being found in India.Learning: Tillite is the sedimentary rock formed out of deposits of glaciers. The Gondawana system ofsediments-from India is known to have its counter parts in six different landmasses of the SouthernHemisphere. At the base the system has thick tillite indicating extensive and prolonged glaciation. Counterparts of this succession gre found in Africa, Falkland Island, Madagascar, Antarctica and Australia besidesIndia. Overall resemblance of the Gondawana type sediments clearly demonstrates that these landmasseshad remarkably similar histories. The glacial tillite provides unambiguous evidence of palaeoclimates andalso of drifting of continents.

Income is instrumental to human development, but the contribution diminishes asincomes rise. Also a high income without being translated into other human development outcomes is ofless relevance for human development. Fixing the maximum at $75,000 means that for countries with 6NIper capita greater than $75,000, only the first $75,000 contributes to human development. In this way thehigher income is prevented from dominating the HDI value. Currently we have only 4 countries with GNI pcabove the cap - Liechtenstein, Kuwait, Qatar and Singapore. The projections based on fairly realistic growthrates have shown that by 2018 not more than five countries will exceed the limit.

Justification: Statement 1: EVMs were used on an experimental basis for the firsttime in elections to 16 Assembly constituencies in Madhya Pradesh (5), Rajasthan (5) and Deihi (6) held InNovember, 1998. Earlier attempts had sort of failed.Statement 2: In the 2014 general election, NOTA polled 1.1% of the votes, counting to over 6,000,000. Thespecific symbol for NOTA, a ballot paper with a black cross across it, was introduced on 18 September 2015.statement s; Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) system was introduced in 8 of 543 pariiamentaryconstituencies as a pilot project in Indian general election, 2014. It was first used in an election in India inSeptembep2013 in Noksen (Assembly Constituency) in Nagaland. Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT)machines and next generation EVMs will be used for the first tfrne in Rajasthan in the ensuing assemblyelections (^018). The 'M3'-type electronic voting machines (EVMs), which the Election Commission plans touse, are equipped^with a self-diagnostic system for authentication of genuineness of the machines.

Learning: There are severai reasons behind Dr. Ambedkar's resignation from thecabinet as are evident from his resignation speech. Hindu code bill disagreement was the trigger During thedebates in the Constituent Assembly, Ambedkar demonstrated his will to reform Indian sociefy byrecommending the adoption of a Uniform Civil Code. Ambedkar resigned from the cabinet n 1951 when parliantent staHed his draft of the Hindu Code Bill, which sought to enshrine gender equality in'h^ws ofinheritance and marriage. Some of the other reasons can be: He was never a congressmen and was alwavstreated Itke an outcast in the Congress Party and was never included In any substantial Cabinet CnmmittP

Statement 1: Divergent Boundaries are formed where new crust is generated as theplates pull ^way frorn each other. Thesites where the plates move away from each other are calledpreading sites. T+ie best-known example of divergent boundaries is the Mid-Atlantic RidgeAt this, the American Platq(s) is/are separated from the Eurasian and African PlatesStatement 2: Where the crust is destroyed as one plate dived under another is called a convergentboundary. The location where sinking of a plate occurs is called a subduction zone. There are three ways inwhich corrvergence can occur. These are: (i) between an oceanic and continentai plate; (ii) between twooceanic plates; and (111) between two continental plates. Statement 3: Transform Boundaries form wherethe crust IS neither produced nor destroyed as the plates slide horizontally past each other. Transformfaults are the planes of separation generally perpendicular to the mid-oceanic ridges. As the eruptions donot take all along the entire crest at the same time, there is a differential movement of a portion of thep ate away from the axis of the earth. Also, the rotation of the earth has its effect on the separated blocksOf the plate portions.

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