<\/span><\/h3>\n(a) Banyan tree (b) Turnip (c) Mangrove trees<\/strong><\/p>\nIn order to carry out some secondary functions or a specific adaptation, roots modify their structures \u2013 which can be their size, shape, or even normal functioning. This is referred to as the modification of roots.<\/p>\n
a) In banyan trees, roots develop from the branches and they go deep down the earth to render mechanical assistance for the tree. This kind of modification is known as prop root.<\/p>\n
b) In turnip, roots are modified to store food, and this type of modification is called a fleshy taproot.<\/p>\n
c) In mangrove trees, the roots are modified into a pneumatic structure to provide oxygen to the tree. This type of modification is called respiratory roots or pneumatophores.<\/p>\n
<\/span>2. Justify the following statements on the basis of external features:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n(i) Underground parts of a plant are not always roots.<\/strong><\/p>\n(ii) The flower is a modified shoot.<\/strong><\/p>\nSolution:<\/strong><\/p>\ni) In a few plants like ginger, stems remain underground for vegetative reproduction and storage of food. Similarly stems in potato remain underground which are modified stems. Potato tuber indicates the presence of nodes (buds and scale leaves here) and internodes. Presence of an apical bud at the tip of the potato tuber affirms it to be a stem. Hence, these examples show that underground parts are not always roots.<\/p>\n
ii) Apical meristems give rise to floral meristems, and the axis of stem gets condensed while internodes lie nearer to each other. Because of this, floral appendages rise in place of stems, this justifies that the flower is a modified shoot.<\/p>\n
<\/span>3. How is a pinnately compound leaf different from a palmately compound leaf?<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\nThe differences are as follows:<\/p>\n
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\n\n\nPinnately compound leaf<\/strong><\/td>\nPalmately compound leaf<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| Many numbers of leaflets are present on a common axis<\/td>\n | Several leaflets are attached to a common point.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Leaflets are attached to a common axis called the rachis<\/td>\n | Leaflets are attached to a common point on the leaf stalk.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Leaflet bearing axis is the continuation of the petiole<\/td>\n | Leaflet bearing axis is very short.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n | \n| Ex: Neem leaves<\/td>\n | Ex: Cotton leaves<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/span>4. Explain with suitable examples the different types of phyllotaxy.<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\nThe pattern of leaf arrangement on the stem or branch is called phyllotaxy. Example in China rose, mustard and sunflower plants, a single leaf arises at each node alternately.<\/p>\n Phyllotaxy is of three types, namely:<\/p>\n \n- Alternate \u2013 emergence of a single leaf at each node in an alternate manner. Example \u2013 Hibiscus<\/li>\n
- Whorled \u2013 whorl is formed when two or more leaves emerge at a node. Example \u2013 Alstonia<\/li>\n
- Opposite \u2013 emergence of a pair of leaves at every node, facing opposite to each other. Example \u2013 guava<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/span>5. Define the following terms:<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n(a) aestivation<\/strong><\/p>\n(b) placentation<\/strong><\/p>\n(c) actinomorphic<\/strong><\/p>\n(d) zygomorphic<\/strong><\/p>\n(e) superior ovary<\/strong><\/p>\n(f) perigynous flower<\/strong><\/p>\n(g) epipetalous stamen<\/strong><\/p>\na) Sepals or petals\u2019 arrangement in a floral bud concerning other members of the same whorl is called aestivation. Different types of aestivation are:<\/p>\n | | |
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