\n\n<\/span>UNIT-I Geomorphology<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n\n\n- Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, Endogenetic, and Exogenetic forces. Denudation and Weathering, Geomorphic Cycle (Davis and Penck), Theories and Process of Slope Development, Earth Movements (seismicity, folding, faulting, and vulcanicity), Landform Occurrence and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and avalanches)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\n<\/span>UNIT \u2013II Climatology<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n\n\n- Composition and Structure of Atmosphere; Insolation, Heat Budget of Earth, Temperature, Pressure and Winds, Atmospheric Circulation (air-masses, fronts, and upper air circulation, cyclones and anticyclones (tropical and temperate), Climatic Classification of Koppen & Thornthwaite, ENSO Events (El Nino, La Nina, and Southern Oscillations), Meteorological Hazards and Disasters (Cyclones, Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, Hailstorms, Heat and Cold waves Drought and Cloudburst, Glacial Lake Outburst (GLOF), Climate Change: Evidence and Causes of Climatic Change in the past, Human impact on Global Climate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\n<\/span>UNIT-III Oceanography<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n\n\n- Relief of Oceans, Composition: Temperature, Density, and Salinity, Circulation: Warm and Cold Currents, Waves, Tides, Sea-Level Changes, Hazards: Tsunami and Cyclone<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\n<\/span>UNIT \u2013IV Geography of Environment<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n\n\n- Components: Ecosystem (Geographic Classification) and Human Ecology, Functions: Trophic Levels, Energy Flows, Cycles (geo-chemical, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen), Food Chain, Food Web, and Ecological Pyramid, Human Interaction and Impacts, Environmental Ethics and Deep Ecology, Environmental Hazards and Disasters (Global Warming, Urban Heat Island, Atmospheric Pollution, Water Pollution, Land Degradation), National Programmes and Policies: Legal Framework, Environmental Policy, International Treaties, International Programmes and Policies (Brundtland Commission, Kyoto Protocol, Agenda 21, Sustainable Development Goals, Paris Agreement)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\n<\/span>UNIT \u2013V Population and Settlement Geography<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n\n\n- Population Geography<\/strong>\n
\n- Sources of population data (census, sample surveys, vital statistics, data reliability, and errors). World Population Distribution (measures, patterns, and determinants), World Population Growth (prehistoric to modern period). Demographic Transition, Theories of Population Growth (Malthus, Sadler, and Ricardo). Fertility and Mortality Analysis (indices, determinants, and world patterns). Migration (types, causes and consequences, and models), Population Composition and Characteristics (age, sex, rural-urban, occupational structure, and educational levels), and Population Policies in Developed and Developing Countries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Settlement Geography<\/strong>\n
\n- Rural Settlements (types, patterns, and distribution), Contemporary Problems of Rural Settlements ( rural-urban migration; land use changes; land acquisition and transactions), Theories of Origin of Towns (Gordon Childe, Henri Pirenne, Lewis Mumford), Characteristics and Processes of Urbanization in Developed and Developing Countries (factors of urban growth, trends of urbanization, size, structure and functions of urban areas). Urban Systems ( the law of the primate city and rank-size rule) Central Place Theories (Christaller and Losch), Internal Structure of the City, Models of Urban Land Use (Burgess, Harris and Ullman, and Hoyt), Concepts of Megacities, Global Cities and Edge Cities, Changing Urban Forms (peri-urban areas, rural-urban fringe, suburban, ring and satellite towns), Social Segregation in the City, Urban Social Area Analysis, Manifestation of Poverty in the City (slums, informal sector growth, crime and social exclusion).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\n<\/span>Unit\u2013VI:<\/strong> Geography of Economic Activities and Regional Development<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n\n\n- Economic Geography<\/strong>\n
\n- Factors affecting the spatial organization of economic activities (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary), Natural Resources (classification, distribution, and associated problems), and Natural Resources Management. World Energy Crises in Developed and Developing Countries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Agricultural Geography<\/strong>\n
\n- Land capability classification and Land Use Planning, Cropping Pattern: Methods of delineating crop combination regions (Weaver, Doi, and Rafiullah), Crop diversification, Von Thunen\u2019s Model of Land Use Planning. Measurement and Determinants of Agricultural Productivity, Regional variations in Agricultural Productivity, Agricultural Systems of the World.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Industrial Geography<\/strong>\n
\n- Classification of Industries, Factors of Industrial Location; Theories of Industrial Location (A. Weber, E. M. Hoover, August Losch, A. Pred, and D. M. Smith). World Industrial Regions, Impact of Globalisation on the manufacturing sector in Less Developed Countries, Tourism Industry, World distribution and growth of Information And Communication Technology (ICT) and Knowledge Production (Education and R & D) Industries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Geography of Transport and Trade<\/strong>\n
\n- Theories and Models of spatial interaction (Edward Ullman and M. E. Hurst) Measures and Indices of connectivity and accessibility; Spatial Flow Models: Gravity Model and its variants, World Trade Organisation, Globalisation and Liberalisation and World Trade Patterns. Problems and Prospects of Inter and Intra Regional Cooperation and Trade.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Regional Development<\/strong>\n
\n- Typology of Regions, Formal and Fictional Regions, World Regional Disparities, Theories of Regional Development(Albert O. Hirschman, Gunnar Myrdal, John Friedman, Dependency theory of Underdevelopment, Global Economic Blocks, Regional Development and Social Movements in India<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\n<\/span>Unit \u2013 VII: Cultural, Social, and Political Geography<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n\n\n- Cultural and Social Geography<\/strong>\n
\n- Concept of Culture, Cultural Complexes, Areas and Region, Cultural Heritage, Cultural Ecology. Cultural Convergence, Social Structure and Processes, Social Well-being and Quality of Life, Social Exclusion, Spatial distribution of social groups in India (Tribe, Caste, Religion, and Language), Environment and Human Health, Diseases Ecology, Nutritional Status (etiological conditions, classification and spatial and seasonal distributional patterns with special reference to India) Health Care Planning and Policies in India, Medical Tourism in India.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Political Geography<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n- Boundaries and Frontiers (with special reference to India), Heartland and Rimland Theories. Trends and Developments in Political Geography, Geography of Federalism, Electoral Reforms in India, Determinants of Electoral Behaviour, Geopolitics of Climate Change, Geopolitics of World Resources, Geo-politics of India Ocean, Regional Organisations of Cooperation (SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC, EU). Geopolitics of World Natural Resources.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\n<\/span>Unit VIII: Geographic Thought<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n\n\n- Contributions of Greek, Roman, Arab, Chinese, and Indian Scholars, Contributions of Geographers (Bernhardus Varenius, Immanuel Kant, Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, Schaefer & Hartshorne), Impact of Darwinian Theory on Geographical Thought. Contemporary trends in Indian Geography: Cartography, Thematic and Methodological contributions. Major Geographic Traditions (Earth Science, man-environment relationship, area studies, and spatial analysis), Dualisms in Geographic Studies (physical vs. human, regional vs. systematic, qualitative vs. quantitative, ideographic vs. nomothetic), Paradigm Shift, Perspectives in Geography (Positivism, Behaviouralism, Humanism, Structuralism, Feminism, and Postmodernism).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n\n<\/span>Unit IX: Geographical Techniques<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n\n\n- Sources of Geographic Information and Data (spatial and non-spatial), Types of Maps, Techniques of Map Making (Choropleth, Isarithmic, Dasymetric, Chorochromatic, Flow Maps) Data Representation on Maps (Pie diagrams, Bar diagrams, and Line Graph, GIS Database (raster and vector data formats and attribute data formats). Functions of GIS (conversion, editing, and analysis), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Georeferencing (coordinate system and map projections and Datum), GIS Applications ( thematic cartography, spatial decision support system), Basics of Remote Sensing (Electromagnetic Spectrum, Sensors and Platforms, Resolution and Types, Elements of Air Photo and Satellite Image Interpretation and Photogrammetry), Types of Aerial Photographs, Digital Image Processing: Developments in Remote Sensing Technology and Big Data Sharing and its applications in Natural Resources Management in India, GPS Components (space, ground control, and receiver segments) and Applications, Applications of Measures of Central Tendency, Dispersion and Inequalities, Sampling, Sampling Procedure and Hypothesis Testing (chi-square test, t-test, ANOVA), Time Series Analysis, Correlation and Regression Analysis, Measurement of Indices, Making
Indicators Scale Free, Computation of Composite Index, Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis, Morphometric Analysis: Ordering of Streams, Bifurcation Ratio, Drainage Density, and Drainage Frequency, Basin Circularity Ratio and Form Factor, Profiles, Slope Analysis, Clinographic Curve, Hypsographic Curve, and Altimetric Frequency Graph.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n\n<\/span>Unit \u2013 X: Geography of India<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n\n| \n | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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